初三上英语知识点归纳

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一、 定语从句

· 定语从句的定义

定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。

· 先行词和引导词

被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；

在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。

引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。

· 关系代词和关系副词

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

关系副词有：when, where, why。 注意：关系副词里面没有how。

如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。

I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me.

我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。

· 关系代词：who

关系动词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。

He is the man who wants to see you.

He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.

· 关系代词：whom

He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday.

（whom在从句中作宾语）

· 关系代词：whose

whose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which）

· 关系代词：which（1）

which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。

They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.

The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.

· 关系代词：which（2）

当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下，一般情况下要选which：

1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。

2. 修饰整个主句。

I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.

3. 修饰谓语部分。

He can swim in the river, which I cannot.

4. 介词 + which

They are all questions to which there are no answers.

· 关系代词：that（1）

that多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that，也可用which。

It’s a question that (which) needs careful consideration.

（指物，作主语。）

Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?

（指人，作主语。）

The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister.

（指人，作宾语，可省略。）

· 关系代词：that（2）

在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词。

1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。

All (that) she lacked was training.

2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

3. 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时

4. 先行词中既有人又有物时

They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.

5. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时

二、 状语从句

1 地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

2 方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：

Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man.

我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2） as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

3 原因状语从句

比较：because, since, as和for

1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。

I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

He is absent today, because / for he is ill.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

4 目的状语从句

表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导，例如：

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

5 结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。

比较：so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many / few flowers such nice flowers

so much / little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.

He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

6 条件状语从句

连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

unless = if not.

Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

7 让步状语从句

though, although

注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.

3) ever if, even though. 即使

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

4) whether…or- 不管……都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"

No matter what happened, he would not mind.

Whatever happened, he would not mind.

替换：no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.

（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.

你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)

（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

8 比较while, when, as

1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.

2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。

When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.

3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。

As the day went on, the weather got worse.

日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

9 比较until和till

此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。

肯定句：

I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。

Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。

（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）

否定句：

She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.

1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。

Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。

2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。

---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？

--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。

注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。

(1)Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.

直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。

(2) It is not until… that…

10 表示"一…就…"的结构

hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：

Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

三、 名词性从句

1）.宾语从句（The Object Clause）；

· 宾语从句

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。

· 宾语从句：及物动词

Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees.

· 宾语从句：短语动词

Please go and find out when the train will arrive.

· 宾语从句：介词的宾语

I am interested in what she is doing.

· 宾语从句：否定的转移

I don't suppose you're used to this diet.

我想你不习惯这种饮食。

I don't believe she'll arrive before 8.

我相信她8点之前不会到。

2）.表语从句（The Predicative Clause）；

· 表语从句

在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。

What the police want to know is when you entered the room.

This is what we should do.

That's why I want you to work there.

as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。

She seems as if she had done a great thing.

It is because you eat too much.

· 虚拟语气：表语从句

主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。

My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.

Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.

3）.同位语从句（The Appositive Clause）。

· 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。例如：

I had no idea that you were here.

She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.

He made a promise that he would never come late.

· 同位语从句：whether

whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。

He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.

I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.

· 同位语从句：what

what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词

I have no idea what he is doing now.

· 同位语从句：how

how可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词

It’s a question how he did it.

· 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（1）

同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。

· 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（2）

that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。

· 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（3）

whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句；而它们不能用来引导定语从句。

人教版初三上学期英语书时态知识点

期末复习：语法复习

动词不定式

一. 定义：

动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。同时动词不定式又具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

二. 动词不定式的构成：to+动词原形

三. 动词不定式作宾语

后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。

We hope to get there before dark. 我们希望天黑以前到那儿。

The girl decided to do it herself. 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。

动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）

1. 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：

remember to do 记住要做某事

remember doing 记得曾经做过某事

forget to do忘记要做某事

forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事

stop to do 停下来去做某事

stop doing 停止做某事

go on to do 继续做另一件事

go on doing 继续做原来在做的事

I remember seeing you somewhere before.

我记得以前在哪儿见过你。

Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.

离开时请记得关好灯。

2. 不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式”结构。

如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep.

他发现很难入睡。

四. 动词不定式作宾语补足语

1. 后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。

The teacher told us to do Exercise 1. 老师要我们做练习一。

I want both of you to go. 我要你们俩去。

We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我们帮助她修理自行车。

2. 使役动词let, have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。

Let’s have a rest. 我们休息一会吧。

I saw him come in. 我看见他进来了。

感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。

I saw him come downstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）

I saw him coming downstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）

五. 动词不定式作状语

Later he left home to work in different cities. 不久他离开家到不同的城市工作。

He went to see a football match. 他去看足球比赛了。

In order to catch the other students, I must work hard.

为了赶上其他同学，我必须努力学习。

六. 动词不定式作定语

不定式作定语一般放在所修饰的词的后面。

I need something to eat.

Do you have something to read?

Tom was so excited that he had no word to say.

He is really a fool only to eat.

The man to stand here just now is our English teacher.

The doctor had no way to save the patient.

注意：

（1）作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成，被修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间存在方位或方式关系需要有介词。

I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一间住房。（方位关系）

We have many things to do experiments with.

我们有许多做实验的东西（方式关系）

（2）作定语的不定式是由“be + adj + prep”构成的动词短语。

Here there isn’t any book for me to be interested in.

We have done many things to proud of. 我们做了许多引以自豪的事。

七. 动词不定式作主语

To give is better than to receive.

To reach there on foot is impossible.

动词不定式作主语时，可以用it 代替，把实际主语不定式放在后面。

It’s better to give than to receive.

It’s impossible to reach there on foot.

It’s + adj + for sb. to do sth.

It’s not difficult for me to study English well.

It’s easy for him to work out this math problem.

在这个句型中，如果形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切，并且形容词用来说明逻辑主语的性质、品质、特点等，由of引出逻辑主语。这类形容词主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等。

八. 动词不定式和疑问词连用

动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when连用，构成不定式短语，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。

How to do is still a question.

Have you decided when to leave?

九. 动词不定式的否定形式

动词不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not. 如：

Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。

My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。

被动语态

英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态

主动语态（The Active Voice）表示主语是动作的执行者。

被动语态（The Passive Voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。

构成：承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者

一般现在时：承受者+助动词am / is/are +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者

一般过去时：承受者+助动词was / were +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者

承受者+助动词shall / will be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者

承受者+助动词 have/ has been+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者

承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者

被动语态用法：

1）当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，需用被动语态。

2）当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。

3）如果需要说出动作的执行者, 用by引导出动作的执行者。

主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。

主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情况：

1）主语＋谓语动词＋宾语

将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

（主动）We bought a book yesterday.

（被动）The book was bought yesterday.

2）主语＋谓语动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。如果直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to / for。

（主动）He showed me a book yesterday.

（被动）I was showed a book yesterday.

（被动）The book was showed to me yesterday.

3）主语＋谓语动词＋复合宾语

含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语，变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，成为主语补足语。

（主动）I found him a good pupil. （宾语补足语）

（被动）He was found a good pupil. （主语补足语）

4）短语动词变为被动语态

有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后可以接宾语，因此它们也有被动语态，但短语动词是不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词。

（主动）We should look after the patients very well.

（被动）The patients should be looked after very well by us.

5）宾语从句变为被动语态

若主动语态中是宾语从句，变为被动语态时常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。

It’s said that he passed the exam.

被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题：

（1）不及物动词带介词和介词宾语，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。

（主动）The students in class listen to the teacher carefully.

（被动）The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.

（2）当动词带有复合宾语时，并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”。

（主动）They make do all the work.

（被动）We were made to do all the work.

（主动）We often hear her sing English songs.

（被动）She is often heard to sing English songs.

（主动）I see him walk to school.

（被动）He is seen to walk to school.

Ⅰ. 初中英语八种时态归纳复习

时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，广大初中学生在实际运用时，往往对时态总是倍感棘手，下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。

一、一般现在时：

概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

时间状语：

always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.

基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词

否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

二、一般过去时：

概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词

否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

三、现在进行时：

概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.

基本结构：am/is/are+doing

否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.

一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。

四、过去进行时：

概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

基本结构：was/were+doing

否定形式：was/were + not + doing.

一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。

五、现在完成时：

概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.

基本结构：have/has + done

否定形式：have/has + not +done.

一般疑问句：have或has。

六、过去完成时：

概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.

基本结构：had + done.

否定形式：had + not + done.

一般疑问句：had放于句首。

七、一般将来时：

概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.

基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.

否定形式：①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。

八、过去将来时：

概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。

时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.

基本结构：①was/were/going to + do；②would/should + do.

否定形式：①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.

一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should 提到句首。

Ⅱ. 几种常见时态的相互转换

英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：

一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换

在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：

A. He joined the League two years ago.

B. He has been in the League for two years.

C. It is two years since he joined the League.

D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.

二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换

在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：

Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.

Peter is working, but Mike is playing.

三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换

在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：

The train is leaving soon.

The train will leave soon.

四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换

“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：

We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.

We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.

Ⅲ. 中考动词时态考点分析

一、 根据时间状语确定时态的原则

1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002辽宁)

A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began

[析] 1. C。since后接时间的起点，for后接时间段，主句动词用现在完成时，应注意瞬间动词与延续性动词的使用。

二、 在复合句根据时态呼应确定时态的原则

2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龙江 )

A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes

C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come

[析] 2. C。if既可引导宾语从句，也可引导状语从句。充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether，词义是“是否”。充当状语从句的连接词时，词义是“如果”。从时态看，if引导宾语从句时谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化；引导表示将来动作或状态的条件句时，若主句用一般将来时，则从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。

三、 根据上下文已有时态信息点确定时态的原则

3. –When this kind of computer ?

--Last year. (2002天津)

A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used

[析] 3. B。此例由下句的时间状语推断出一般过去时态，并且要考虑到被动语态。

四、 利用上下文语意确定时态的原则

4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn’t see you at the party.

--Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西)

A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got

[析] 4. B。此例由didn’t, at the party推断出应用过去进行时。

五、 时态中的“特殊”对策的原则

5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002辽宁)

A. is B. was C. has been D. will be

[析] 5. A。 有些动词其动词的时态是“违背常理”的。如宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时，其时态不受主句限制而用一般现在时表示。

1. 行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。

Football is played all over the world.

2. 不易找到或根本就找不到动作的执行者时。

My bike was stolen.

3. 汉语含有“据说”、“有人说”等时。

It is said that another bridge has been built over the Changjiang River.

4. 汉语中含有“被”、“由”等词时。

Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao.

5. 汉语中没有“被”、“由”等词，而在原句中试加这类词且句意通顺时。

These songs are usually sung by boys.

6. 某些句子习惯上用被动语态。

He was born in October, 1988.

7. 表示礼貌时。

You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00p.m. tomorrow.

（Note: 用于被动语态中的动词是及物动词，不及物动词不能用被动语态。）

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